jneuroJournal of Neurology and NeuropsychiatrycoVolume 1 Issue 1 (Jan-June)MultidisciplinaryEnglish6 Months NNY20240530Neuro-inflammationUnlocking the Nexus of Neuroinflammation in the Olfactory Bulb Association to Parkinson’s DiseaseEnglishY2629RanaYilmaz¹EnglishNAamer Mohammad²data-start="215">EnglishYAimOur study investigates the link between neuroinflammation in the olfactory bulb (OB) and Parkinson’s Disease (PD). We aim to understand how environmental factors, such as viruses and particles, trigger a cascade of events leading to ?-synuclein aggregation and the development of PD.MethodsWe conducted histological studies of PD brains, pinpointing ?-synuclein abnormalities in the anterior olfactory structures at Braak's stage 1. Our study expanded post-mortem examinations to include the OB. We assessed:The vulnerability of the olfactory epithelium and OB to inflammation, considering age-related epithelial changes.The role of microglia in the OB and their potential as a barrier against exogenous pathogens.The entry of toxins, viruses, and nanoparticles into the OB, using animal models.ResultsOur research highlights the association between viral infections and PD, including the 1918 influenza pandemic and childhood infections. Chronic rhinitis and the presence of influenza A virus in PD brains further support this link.Animal studies reveal the impact of neurotropic viruses entering via the olfactory route, leading to ?-synuclein aggregation and widespread inflammation.Activated microglia play a pivotal role in pathogen clearance but also disrupt the blood-brain barrier (BBB), particularly in the OB.Metal particles such as aluminum and iron were identified as potential contributors to PD through chronic inflammation.ConclusionThis study unveils the critical role of OB neuroinflammation as a trigger for PD. Environmental factors significantly influence PD pathogenesis, offering potential avenues for intervention and prevention. Our findings enhance the understanding of this neurodegenerative disease and open new prospects for future PD research and treatments.EnglishParkinson’s Disease, microgliahttps://jneuro.clsconf.com/admin/abstract?id=8References1619Chen X, de Silva HA, Pettenati MJ, et al. The human NACP/alpha-synuclein gene: chromosome assignment to 4q21.3-q22 and TaqI RFLP analysis. Genomics. 1995;26(3):425-427. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(95)80237-G. PubMedSpillantini MG, Crowther RA, Jakes R, Hasegawa M, Goedert M. Alpha-synuclein in filamentous inclusions of Lewy bodies from Parkinsonand;#39;s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95(11):6469-6473. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.11.6469. ScienceDirectPolymeropoulos MH, Lavedan C, Leroy E, et al. Mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinsonand;#39;s disease. Science. 1997;276(5321):2045-2047. doi:10.1126/science.276.5321.2045. PubMedKruger R, Kuhn W, Muller T, et al. Ala30Pro mutation in the gene encoding alpha-synuclein in Parkinsonand;#39;s disease. Nat Genet. 1998;18(2):106-108. doi:10.1038/ng0298-106. PubMedZarranz JJ, Alegre J, Gomez-Esteban JC, et al. The new mutation, E46K, of alpha-synuclein causes Parkinson and Lewy body dementia. Ann Neurol. 2004;55(2):164-173. doi:10.1002/ana.10795. PubMedLucin KM, Wyss-Coray T. Immune activation in brain aging and neurodegeneration: too much or too little? Neuron. 2009;64(1):110-122. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.039. PMCGlass CK, Saijo K, Winner B, Marchetto MC, Gage FH. Mechanisms underlying inflammation in neurodegeneration. Cell. 2010;140(6):918-934. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.016. PMCDamier P, Hirsch EC, Zhang P, Agid Y, Javoy-Agid F. Glutathione peroxidase, glial cells and Parkinsonand;#39;s disease. Neuroscience. 1993;52(1):1-6. doi:10.1016/0306-4522(93)90175-F. PubMedBrochard V, Combadiere B, Prigent A, et al. Infiltration of CD4+ lymphocytes into the brain contributes to neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Parkinson disease. J Clin Invest. 2009;119(1):182-192. PMCLema Tomand;eacute; CM, Tyson T, Rey NL, Grathwohl S, Britschgi M, Brundin P. Inflammation and and;alpha;-synucleinand;rsquo;s prion-like behavior in Parkinsonand;#39;s diseaseand;mdash;Is there a link? PMCDoyle KM, Kennedy D, Gorman AM, et al. Unfolded proteins and endoplasmic reticulum stress in neurodegenerative disorders. J Cell Mol Med. 2011;15(10):2025-2039. doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01374.x. PMCBeach TG, Adler CH, Lue L, et al. Unified staging system for Lewy body disorders: correlation with nigrostriatal degeneration, cognitive impairment and motor dysfunction. Acta Neuropathol. 2009;117(6):613-634. doi:10.1007/s00401-009-0538-8. PMC